Computer Languages :: essays research papers

Computer Languages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Differences in computer languages is a topic that many people are not familiar with. I was one of those kinds of people before I started researching on this topic. There many different computer languages and each one of them are similar in some ways, but are also different in other ways, such as: program syntax, the format of the language, and the limitations of the language.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most computer programmers start programming in languages such as turbo pascal or one of the various types of basic. Turbo pascal, Basic, and Fortran are some of the oldest computer languages. Many of today's modern languages have been a result of one of these three languages, but are greatly improved. Both turbo pascal and basic are languages that are easy to understand and the syntax is very easy and straightforward. In Basic when printing to the screen you simply type the word 'print', in turbo pascal you would type 'writeln'. These are very simple commands that the computer executes. To execute a line of code in a language such as C, or C++, you would have to type in much more sophisticated lines of code that are much more confusing than the previous two.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The format and layout of the various languages are very diverse between some, and between others are somewhat similar. When programming in Basic the user has to type in line numbers before each new line of code. In an updated version of Basic called QBasic, numbers are optional. Turbo pascal does not allow the user to input numbers, it has preset commands that seperate each part of the program. This is similar to QBasic, but is much more sophisticated. Instead of using the command gosub in Basic, the user would make a procedure call.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another new language is C. C is a spinoff of turbo pascal but is capable of doing more things than turbo. The format and layout are similar, but the syntax is much more complex than turbo is. When C first came out, there were many major flaws in the language so a new version had to be put out, C++. The main addition from C to C++ is the concept of classes and templates. Many other small flaws were fixed when this new version of C came out also.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many of the languages have different limitations on the tasks that they

The Great Muslim Scientist of All the Time

The Great Muslim Scientists of All Time. Here is a little intro about them and their work to the world of science. All the scientists are before 14th century .. ,When you the Europe was called a Dark continent ,Muslims Scientists Were ruling in all over the world! I don't know what happened now But anyways Don't Forget the Past=) Better be Proud! Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi Consequently he is considered to be the father of algebra,[6] a title he shares with Diophantus.Latin translations of his Arithmetic, on the Indian numerals, introduced the decimal positional number system to the Western world in the 12th century. [5] He revised and updated Ptolemy's Geography as well as writing several works on astronomy and astrology. His contributions not only made a great impact on mathematics, but on language as well. The word algebra is derived from al-jabr, one of the two operations used to solve quadratic equations, as described in his book. For complete intro: http://en. wikipedia. rg/ wiki/Al-Khwarizmi Avicenna Avicenna was a Persian polymath and the foremost physician and Islamic philosopher of his time. He was also an astronomer, chemist, Hafiz, logician, mathematician, physicist, poet, psychologist, scientist, Sheikh, soldier, statesman and theologian. His most famous works are The Book of Healing, a vast philosophical and scientific encyclopaedia, and The Canon of Medicine, which was a standard medical text at many Islamic and European universities up until the early 19th century .Ibn Sina is regarded as a father of early modern medicine, and clinical pharmacology particularly for his introduction of systematic experimentation and quantification into the study of physiology,] his discovery of the contagious nature of infectious diseases, the introduction of quarantine to limit the spread of contagious diseases, the introduction of experimental medicine, evidence-based medicine, clinical trials, randomized controlled trials, efficacy tests, clinical pharmacolo gy, neuropsychiatry, risk factor analysis, and the idea of a syndrome,[30] and the importance of dietetics and the influence of climate and environment on health.He is also considered the father of the fundamental concept of momentum in physics, and regarded as a pioneer of aromatherapy. George Sarton,, the father of the history of science, wrote in the Introduction to the History of Science: â€Å"One of the most famous exponents of Muslim universalism and an eminent figure in Islamic learning was Ibn Sina, known in the West as Avicenna (981-1037). For a thousand years he has retained his original renown as one of the greatest thinkers and medical scholars in history.His most important medical works are the Qanun (Canon) and a treatise on Cardiac drugs. The ‘Qanun fi-l-Tibb' is an immense encyclopedia of medicine. It contains some of the most illuminating thoughts pertaining to distinction of mediastinitis from pleurisy; contagious nature of phthisis; distribution of disease s by water and soil; careful description of skin troubles; of sexual diseases and perversions; of nervous ailments. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Avicenna Geber He is â€Å"considered by many to be the father of chemistry. bir Ibn Hayyan is widely credited with the introduction of the experimental method in alchemy, and with the invention of numerous important processes still used in modern chemistry today, such as the syntheses of hydrochloric and nitric acids, distillation, and crystallisation. His original works are highly esoteric and probably coded, though nobody today knows what the code is. On the surface, his alchemical career revolved around an elaborate chemical numerology based on consonants in the Arabic names of substances nd the concept of takwin, the artificial creation of life in the alchemical laboratory. Research has also established that oldest text of Jabiran corpus must have originated in the scientific culture of northeastern Persia. This thesis is supported by the Persian language and Middle Persian terms used in the technical vocabulary. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Geber Al-Jazari The most significant aspect of al-Jazari's machines are the mechanisms, components, ideas, methods and design features which they employ. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Al-Jazari Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kathir al-FarghaniHe was involved in the measurement of the diameter of the Earth together with a team of scientists under the patronage of al-Ma'mun in Baghdad. The Alfraganus crater on the Moon was named after him. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Al-Farghani Muhammad ibn Zakariya Razi Razi made fundamental and enduring contributions to the fields of medicine, alchemy, and philosophy, recorded in over 184 books and articles in various fields of science. He was well-versed in Persian, Greek and Indian medical knowledge and made numerous advances in medicine through own observations and discoveries. He was an early proponent of experimental medicine and is co nsidered the father of pediatrics. He was also a pioneer of neurosurgery and ophthalmology. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Rhazes Abu Rayhan al-Biruni physicist, an anthropologist and psychologist, an astronomer, a chemist, a critic of alchemy and astrology, an encyclopedist and historian, a geographer and traveller, a geodesist and geologist, a mathematician, a pharmacist and physician, an Islamic philosopher and Shia theologian, and a scholar and teacher, and he contributed greatly to all of these fields.He was the first scholar to study India and the Brahminical tradition, and has been described as the father of Indology, the father of geodesy, and â€Å"the first anthropologist†. He was also one of the earliest leading exponents of the experimental scientific method, and was responsible for introducing the experimental method into mechanics, the first to conduct elaborate experiments related to astronomical phenomena, and a pioneer of experimental psychology. George Sarto n, the father of the history of science, described Biruni as â€Å"One of the very greatest scientists of Islam, and, all considered, one of the greatest of all times. ttp://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Biruni Al-Khazini Robert E. Hall wrote the following on al-Khazini: â€Å"His hydrostatic balance can leave no doubt that as a maker of scientific instruments he is among the greatest of any time. † http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Al-Khazini Ibn al-Haytham HE made significant contributions to the principles of optics, as well as to anatomy, astronomy, engineering, mathematics, medicine, ophthalmology, philosophy, physics, psychology, visual perception, and to science in general with his introduction of the scientific method.Ibn al-Haytham is regarded as the â€Å"father of modern optics† for his influential Book of Optics, which correctly explained and proved the modern intromission theory of vision, and for his experiments on optics, including experiments on lenses, mirrors , refraction, reflection, and the dispersion of light into its constituent colours. He studied binocular vision and the moon illusion, described the finite speed[] and rectilinear propagation of light and and argued that rays of light are streams of corpuscular energy particles[16]travelling in straight lines. Due to his formulation of a modern quantitative, empirical and experimental approach to physics and science, he is considered the pioneer of the modern scientific method and the originator of experimental science and experimental physics, and some have described him as the â€Å"first scientist† for these reasons. He is also considered by some to be the founder of experimental psychology for his experimental approach to the psychology of visual perception and optical illusions, and a pioneer of the philosophical field of phenomenology.Among his other achievements, Ibn al-Haytham gave the first clear description and correct analysis of the camera obscura, discovered Ferm at's principle of least time and the concept of inertia (Newton's first law of motion), discovered that the heavenly bodies were accountable to the laws of physics, presented a critique and reform of Ptolemaic astronomy, first stated Wilson's theorem in number theory, formulated and solved Alhazen's problem geometrically using early ideas related to calculus and mathematical induction,and in his optical research laid the foundations for the later development of telescopic astronomy,[34] as well as for the microscope and the use of optical aids in Renaissance art. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham Al-Kindi lso known by the Latinized version of his name Alkindus to the West, was an Arabpolymath: a philosopher, scientist, astrologer, astronomer, cosmologist, chemist, logician, mathematician, musician, physician, physicist, psychologist, and meteorologist. In the field of mathematics, al-Kindi played an important role in introducing Indian numerals to the Islamic and Christi an world. He was a pioneer in cryptanalysis and cryptology, and devised several new methods of breaking ciphers, including the frequency analysis method. ] Using his mathematical and medical expertise, he was able to develop a scale that would allow doctors to quantify the potency of their medication. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Al-Kindi Ibn Sahl Abu Sa`d al-`Ala' ibn Sahl) (c. 40-1000) was an Arabian mathematician, physicist and optics engineer associated with the Abbasid court of Baghdad. About 984 he wrote a treatise On Burning Mirrors and Lenses in which he set out his understanding of how curved mirrors and lenses bend and focus light. Ibn Sahl is credited with first discovering the law of refraction, usually called Snell's law. [1][2] He used the law of refraction to work out the shapes of lenses that focus light with no geometric aberrations, known as anaclastic lenses. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ibn_Sahl Al-Ghazali known as Algazel to the western medieval world, was b orn and died in Tus, in the Khorasan province of Persia (modern day Iran).He was a Muslim theologian, jurist, philosopher, physician, psychologist and mystic of Persian origin], and remains one of the most celebrated scholars in the history of Sufi Islamic thought. He is considered a pioneer of the methods of doubt and skepticism, and in one of his major works, The Incoherence of the Philosophers, he changed the course of early Islamic philosophy, shifting it away from the influence of ancient Greek and Hellenistic philosophy, and towards cause-and-effect that were determined by God or intermediate angels. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Al-Ghazali Im Tired and rest of the scientists you can go through with this list if you are interested. lol http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Muslim_scientists I am tired now.. ol If anyone else can do it then go ahead=) And here is the complete list. Astronomers and Astrophysicists * Muhammad * Muhammad Ahmad Khan Minhas * Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid) * Ja far al-Sadiq * Yaqub ibn Tariq * Ibrahim al-Fazari * Muhammad al-Fazari * Mashallah * Naubakht * Al-Khwarizmi, also a mathematician * Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar) * Al-Farghani * Banu Musa (Ben Mousa) o Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa ibn Shakir o Ahmad ibn Musa ibn Shakir o Al-Hasan ibn Musa ibn Shakir * Thabit ibn Qurra (Thebit) o Sinan ibn Thabit o Ibrahim ibn Sinan * Al-Majriti * Muhammad ibn Jabir al-Harrani al-Battani (Albatenius) * Al-Farabi (Abunaser) Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi * Abu Sa'id Gorgani * Kushyar ibn Labban * Abu Ja'far al-Khazin * Al-Mahani * Al-Marwazi * Al-Nayrizi * Al-Saghani * Al-Farghani * Abu Nasr Mansur * Abu Sahl al-Quhi (Kuhi) * Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi * Abu al-Wafa' al-Buzjani * Ibn Yunus * Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen) * Abu Rayhan al-Biruni * Avicenna * Abu Ishaq Ibrahim al-Zarqali (Arzachel) * Omar Khayyam * Al-Khazini * Ibn Bajjah (Avempace) * Ibn Tufail (Abubacer) * Nur Ed-Din Al Betrugi (Alpetragius) * Averroes * Al-Jazari * Sharaf al-Din a l-Tusi * Anvari * Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi * Nasir al-Din Tusi * Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi * Ibn al-Shatir * Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi * Jamshid al-Kashi Ulugh Beg, also a mathematician * Taqi al-Din, Ottoman astronomer * Ahmad Nahavandi * Haly Abenragel * Ghallia Kaouk * Abolfadl Harawi * Kerim Kerimov, a founder of Soviet space program, a lead architect behind first human spaceflight (Vostok 1), and the lead architect of the first space stations (Salyut and Mir)[1][2] * Farouk El-Baz, a NASA scientist involved in the first Moon landings with the Apollo program[3] * Abdul Kalam * Sultan bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud * Muhammed Faris * Abdul Ahad Mohmand * Talgat Musabayev * Anousheh Ansari * Amir Ansari * Essam Heggy, a planetary scientist involved in the NASA Mars Exploration Program[4] * Ahmed Salem Alaa Ibrahim * Mohamed Sultan * Ahmed Noor * Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor, pioneer of biomedical research in space[5][6] [edit] Chemists and Alchemists Further information: Alchemy (Islam) * Kh alid ibn Yazid (Calid) * Jafar al-Sadiq * Jabir Ibn Hayyan (Geber), father of chemistry[7][8][9] * Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman) * Al-Kindi (Alkindus) * Al-Majriti * Ibn Miskawayh * Abu Rayhan al-Biruni * Avicenna * Al-Khazini * Nasir al-Din Tusi * Hasan al-Rammah * Ibn Khaldun * Sake Dean Mahomet * Salimuzzaman Siddiqui * Al Khawazimi Father of Al-Gabra, (Mathematics) * Ahmed H. Zewail, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1999[10] * Ali Eftekhari [edit] Computer Scientists Lotfi Asker Zadeh, Iranian computer scientist; founder of fuzzy logic and fuzzy set theory[11][12] * Jawed Karim, Bangladeshi American software engineer; lead architect of PayPal and co-founder of YouTube[13] * Pierre Omidyar, Iranian American entrepreneur; founder of eBay[14] [edit] Economists and Social Scientists Further information: Islamic sociology, Early Muslim sociology, and Islamic economics in the world See also: List of Muslim historians and Historiography of early Islam * Muhammad (570-632), discussed corpora te social responsibility[15] * Abu Hanifa an-Nu‘man (699-767), economist * Abu Yusuf (731-798), economist * Ishaq bin Ali al-Rahwi (854–931), economist * Al-Farabi (Alpharabius) (873–950), economist * Al-Saghani (d. 90), one of the earliest historians of science[16] * Shams al-Mo'ali Abol-hasan Ghaboos ibn Wushmgir (Qabus) (d. 1012), economist * Abu Rayhan al-Biruni (973-1048), considered the â€Å"first anthropologist†[17] and father of Indology[18] * Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (980–1037), economist * Ibn Miskawayh (b. 1030), economist * Al-Ghazali (Algazel) (1058–1111), economist * Al-Mawardi (1075–1158), economist * Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (Tusi) (1201-1274), economist * Ibn al-Nafis (1213-1288), sociologist * Ibn Taymiyyah (1263–1328), economist * Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406), forerunner of social sciences[19] such as demography,[20] cultural history,[21] historiography,[22] philosophy of history,[23] sociology[20][23] and economics[24][25 ] * Al-Maqrizi (1364-1442), economist Akhtar Hameed Khan, Pakistani social scientist; pioneer of microcredit * Mahbub ul Haq, Pakistani economist; developer of Human Development Index and founder of Human Development Report[26][27] * Muhammad Yunus, Bangladeshi economist; father of microcredit and microfinance[28][29] [edit] Geographers and Earth Scientists Further information: Muslim Agricultural Revolution * Muhammad, discussed environmental philosophy[30] * Al-Masudi, the â€Å"Herodotus of the Arabs†, and pioneer of historical geography[31] * Al-Kindi, pioneer of environmental science[32] * Qusta ibn Luqa * Ibn Al-Jazzar * Al-Tamimi * Al-Masihi * Avicenna * Ali ibn Ridwan * Muhammad al-Idrisi, also a cartographer * Ahmad ibn Fadlan * Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, father of geodesy,[17][33] considered the first geologist and â€Å"first anthropologist†[17] * Avicenna * Ibn Jumay * Abd-el-latif * Averroes * Ibn al-Nafis * Ibn al-Quff Ibn Battuta * Ibn Khaldun * Piri Reis * E vliya Celebi * Zaghloul El-Naggar [edit] Mathematicians Further information: Islamic mathematics: Biographies * Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf ibn Matar * Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid) * Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (Algorismi) – father of algebra[34] and algorithms[35] * Al-Abbas ibn Said al-Jawhari * ‘Abd al-Hamid ibn Turk * Hunayn ibn Ishaq * Al-Kindi (Alkindus) * Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar) * Banu Musa (Ben Mousa) o Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa ibn Shakir o Al-Hasan ibn Musa ibn Shakir * Al-Mahani * Ahmed ibn Yusuf * Thabit ibn Qurra (Thebit) o Sinan ibn Thabit o Ibrahim ibn Sinan * Al-Majriti Muhammad ibn Jabir al-Harrani al-Battani (Albatenius) * Al-Farabi (Abunaser) * Abu Kamil Shuja ibn Aslam * Al-Nayrizi * Abu Ja'far al-Khazin * Brethren of Purity * Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi * Al-Saghani * Abu Sahl al-Quhi * Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi * Abu al-Wafa' al-Buzjani * Ibn Sahl * Al-Sijzi * Ibn Yunus * Abu Nasr Mansur * Kushyar ibn Labban * Al-Karaji * Ibn al-Haytha m (Alhacen/Alhazen) * Abu Rayhan al-Biruni * Avicenna * Ibn Tahir al-Baghdadi * Al-Nasawi * Al-Jayyani * Abu Ishaq Ibrahim al-Zarqali (Arzachel) * Al-Mu'taman ibn Hud * Omar Khayyam * Al-Khazini * Ibn Bajjah (Avempace) * Al-Ghazali (Algazel) * Al-Samawal * Averroes * Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi * Ibn Mun`im * Al-Marrakushi * Ibn al-Banna' * Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, 13th century Persian mathematician and philosopher * Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi * Kamal al-Din al-Farisi * Mu? yi al-Din al-Maghribi * Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi * Al-Khalili * Ibn al-Shatir * Qa? i Zada al-Rumi * Jamshid al-Kashi * Ulugh Beg * Taqi al-Din * Muhammad Baqir Yazdi * Ibn Baso * Abu al-Hasan ibn Ali al-Qalasadi (1412-1482), pioneer of symbolic algebra[36] * Lotfi Asker Zadeh, Iranian computer scientist; founder of Fuzzy Mathematics and fuzzy set theory[11][12] * Cumrun Vafa * Jeffrey Lang Professor at the University of Kansas converted to Islam from atheism * Mostafa Mosharafa [edit] Neuroscientists and Psychologists Further information: Islamic psychological thought * Muhammad, discussed mental health[37] Ibn Sirin (654–728), author of work on dreams and dream interpretation[38] * Al-Kindi (Alkindus), pioneer of psychotherapy and music therapy[39] * Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, pioneer of psychiatry, clinical psychiatry and clinical psychology[40] * Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi, pioneer of mental health,[37] medical psychology, cognitive psychology, cognitive therapy, psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine[41] * Najab ud-din Muhammad, pioneer of mental disorder classification[42] * Al-Farabi (Alpharabius), pioneer of social psychology and consciousness studies[43] * Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi (Haly Abbas), pioneer of neuroanatomy, neurobiology and neurophysiology[43] * Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis), pioneer of neurosurgery[44] * Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), founder of experimental psychology, psychophysics, phenomenology and visual perception[45] * Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, pioneer of reaction time[46] * Avicenna (Ibn Sina), pioneer of physiological psychology,[42] neuropsychiatry,[47] thought experiment, self-awareness and self-consciousness[48] * Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar), pioneer of neurology and neuropharmacology[44] * Averroes, pioneer of Parkinson's disease[44] * Ibn Tufail, pioneer of tabula rasa and nature versus nurture[49] [edit] Physicians and Surgeons Main article: Muslim doctors Further information: Islamic medicine Muhammad, discussed contagion[50][51] and early Islamic medical treatments[52] * Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid) * Jafar al-Sadiq * Shapur ibn Sahl (d. 869), pioneer of pharmacy and pharmacopoeia[53] * Al-Kindi (Alkindus) (801-873), pioneer of pharmacology[54] * Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman) (810-887) * Al-Jahiz, pioneer of natural selection * Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, pioneer of medical encyclopedia[40] * Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi * Ishaq bin Ali al-Rahwi (854–931), pioneer of peer review and medical peer review[55] * Al-Fara bi (Alpharabius) * Abul Hasan al-Tabari – physician * Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari – physician * Ibn Al-Jazzar * Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi (d. 94), pioneer of obstetrics and perinatology[56] * Abu Gaafar Amed ibn Ibrahim ibn abi Halid al-Gazzar (10th century), pioneer of dental restoration[57] * Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) – father of modern surgery, and pioneer of neurosurgery,[44] craniotomy,[56] hematology[58] and dental surgery[59] * Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), pioneer of eye surgery, visual system[60] and visual perception[61] * Abu Rayhan al-Biruni * Avicenna (Ibn Sina) (980-1037) – father of modern medicine,[62] founder of Unani medicine,[58] pioneer of experimental medicine, evidence-based medicine, pharmaceutical sciences, clinical pharmacology,[63] aromatherapy,[64] pulsology and sphygmology,[65] and also a philosopher * Ibn Miskawayh * Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) – father of experimental surgery,[66] and pioneer of experimental anatomy, exp erimental physiology, human dissection, autopsy[67] and tracheotomy[68] * Ibn Bajjah (Avempace) * Ibn Tufail (Abubacer) * Averroes * Ibn al-Baitar * Nasir al-Din Tusi Ibn al-Nafis (1213-1288), father of circulatory physiology, pioneer of circulatory anatomy,[69] and founder of Nafisian anatomy, physiology,[70] pulsology and sphygmology[71] * Ibn al-Quff (1233-1305), pioneer of modern embryology[56] * Kamal al-Din al-Farisi * Ibn Khatima (14th century), pioneer of bacteriology and microbiology[72] * Ibn al-Khatib (1313-1374) * Mansur ibn Ilyas * Saghir Akhtar – pharmacist * Toffy Musivand * Samuel Rahbar * Muhammad B. Yunus, the â€Å"father of our modern view of fibromyalgia†[73] * Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor, pioneer of biomedical research in space[5][6] [edit] Physicists Further information: Islamic physics * Muhammad explained creation of the universe * Jafar al-Sadiq, 8th century * Banu Musa (Ben Mousa), 9th century Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa ibn Shakir o Ahmad ibn Musa ibn Shakir o Al-Hasan ibn Musa ibn Shakir * Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman), 9th century * Thabit ibn Qurra (Thebit), 9th century * Al-Saghani, 10th century * Abu Sahl al-Quhi (Kuhi), 10th century * Ibn Sahl, 10th century * Ibn Yunus, 10th century * Al-Karaji, 10th century * Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), 11th century Iraqi scientist, father of optics,[74] pioneer of scientific method[75] and experimental physics,[76] considered the â€Å"first scientist†[77] * Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, 11th century, pioneer of experimental mechanics[78] * Avicenna, 11th century * Al-Khazini, 12th century * Ibn Bajjah (Avempace), 12th century Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi (Nathanel), 12th century * Averroes, 12th century Andalusian mathematician, philosopher and medical expert * Al-Jazari, 13th century civil engineer, father of robotics,[9] father of modern engineering[79] * Nasir al-Din Tusi, 13th century * Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, 13th century * Kamal al-Din al-Farisi, 13th century * Hasan a l-Rammah, 13th century * Ibn al-Shatir, 14th century * Taqi al-Din, 16th century * Hezarfen Ahmet Celebi, 17th century * Lagari Hasan Celebi, 17th century * Sake Dean Mahomet, 18th century * Tipu Sultan, 18th century Indian mechanician * Fazlur Khan, 20th century Bangladeshi mechanician Mahmoud Hessaby, 20th century Iranian physicist * Ali Javan, 20th century Iranian physicist * Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie, 20th century Indonesian aerospace engineer and president * Abdul Qadeer Khan, Pakistani nuclear physicist * Abdus Salam, Pakistani physicist; Nobel Prize in Physics 1977[80] * Abdul Kalam, Indian nuclear physicist * Mehran Kardar, Iranian theoretical physicist * Cumrun Vafa, Iranian mathematical physicist * Nima Arkani-Hamed, American-born Iranian physicist * Abdel Nasser Tawfik, Egyptian-born German Particle Physisist http://forums. ratedesi. com/showthread. php? t=267268 Please report any broken links to Webmaster Copyright  © 1988-20

Heroin Is An Illegal Substance Derived From Morphine

Heroin is an illegal substance derived from morphine. At one time it was legal, and was created originally as a safer alternative to morphine. The opposite was found to be true, and heroin is now illegal. Heroin is highly addictive and has strong euphoric effects. There are many short and long term effects when used or abused. Short term effects of heroin use include slowed cardiac system functions and breathing, intense itching, dry mouth, drowsiness and convulsions- especially in a case of an overdose. Long term effects include both mental and physical impairments, the mental issues include emotional instability and diminished libido. Other physical effects include impaired vision, collapsed veins, liver and kidney disease. Heroin users also often share needles with each other which lead to increased chances of infections like Hepatitis B and HIV. Heroin related deaths are on the rise across the country, and we have seen a significant increase of heroin related deaths in Ohio. The original goal of my literature review was to analyze heroin use in the areas mentioned in Sam Quinones book Dreamland, specifically Portsmouth Ohio. However, extensive information was not available about this specific area. So instead I focused my research on heroin use in Ohio as a whole and other suburban and rural areas. It is vital to analyze and combat the abuse of heroin. Various forms of literature have been written investigating heroin, their abuse and effects of misusing them.Show MoreRelatedEffects Of Heroin On A Person s Brain1583 Words   |  7 Pages The Effects of Heroin on a Person’s Brain Heroin is an illegal, highly addictive drug. It is both the most abused and the most rapidly acting of the opiates. Heroin is processed from morphine, a naturally occurring substance extracted from the seedpod of certain varieties of poppy plant This literature review looks at heroin and the devastating effects, the consequences and aftermath of heroin, Since many heroin users often become addicted, it is important to look at its Beginning with a briefRead MoreDrug Abuse Has Become A Real Problem1235 Words   |  5 PagesHeroin In the world today, drug abuse has become a real problem. In the 1800s there was a drug called opium that was commonly used. Opium came from the poppy seed plant and became very popular here in America, starting in the west. There used to be opium dens where cowhands would stop and stay and smoke opium. From opium, along came the drug morphine. Morphine was derived from the drug opium and was also introduced in America in the 1800s. Morphine became a very popular pain killer in America duringRead MoreQuestions on Psychology1708 Words   |  7 Pagesfollowing statements most accurately represents the use of plant-based psychoactive substances? A. Plant-based psychoactive drugs are uncommon today and rarely used. B. Today marijuana is the only plant-based psychoactive substance that is still used. C. All plants that yield psychoactive substances are illegal today. D. About 4,000 plants yield psychoactive substances, and the vast majority are not illegal. 2. The Gin Epidemic†¦ E. is a myth F. was brought under controlRead MoreDrugs : The Use Of Heroin1614 Words   |  7 PagesThe Use of Heroin My name is Destiny Marcum and I have never been addicted to drugs, but I have seen it first hand through my parents. My parents were heroin addicts for seven years and it made life extremely difficult for them as well as my siblings and me. I am currently in the process of receiving a degree in human services and have a certification in Addiction Studies. I think my parent’s addictions growing up greatly led to my desire to learn about addiction and helping others in this careerRead MoreDrug Addiction And Drug Abuse1401 Words   |  6 Pagesdoes not generally trigger anti-social behavior in users. Illegal Drugs: There are many illegal drugs that are being abused by our society today. Drugs such as marijuana, methadone, and the abuse of prescription medications are on the rise. It is important for everyone to raise their level of awareness in order to reduce the risk of drug abuse or to help someone they care for who is already suffering from drug abuse or addiction. Illegal drugs come in different shapes, sizes, and types. Each particularRead MoreHeroin Drug Use And Its Effects On The United States951 Words   |  4 PagesHeroin is an addictive, illegal opioid painkiller derived from morphine. This analgesic drug produces stress-relieving effects along with a sense of euphoria. Addiction to heroin generally begins as an addiction to another substance: marijuana, alcohol, cocaine, or prescription painkillers. Overdose on heroin can cause many complications including coma and death. This risk is commonly increased by combining heroin with alcohol or by cutting it in with other drugs. Injection of heroin also puts oneRead MoreThe Effects of Heroin on a Person’s Brain and Body: a Literature Review1937 Words   |  8 PagesRunning Head: EFFECTS OF HEROIN ON A PERSON The Effects of Heroin on a Person’s Brain and Body: A Literature Review Heather Huber Walden University Psych 8226-04 Biopsychology Dr. John Redmon August 18, 2010 Abstract This literature review looks at the detrimental effects of heroin. Since many heroin users often become addicted, it is important to look at its ramifications. Beginning with a brief history of the substance, then discussing treatment programsRead MoreDrugs And Its Effects On The United States1542 Words   |  7 Pagesas an anesthetic, less addictive than a morphine substitute. U-47700 was eventually tossed out and discontinued. The Food and Drug Administration did not approve it for human use. Unfortunately, the patent, which included instructions on how to produce the drug, became public information (Mato, 2016). This resulted in foreign drug manufactures gaining access to the formula through academic journals and patent filings (Blau, 2016). Currently, dealers from out of the country are using the chemicalRead MorePsychoactive Drugs1914 Words   |  8 PagesPsychoactive Drugs are chemical substances that alter behavior, mood, perception, or mental functioning. Through the c onsumption of substances many cultures have found ways to alter consciousness. Psychoactive substances apply their effects by transforming biochemical or physiological processes in the brain. The message system of nerve cells, or neurons, relies on both electrical and chemical transmission. Neurons rarely touch each other; there is a microscopic gap between one neuron and the nextRead MoreDrugs And Abuse Of Drugs1564 Words   |  7 Pagesseverity of abuse. New research is done every day in the area of drug abuse that makes finding accurate results on the broad topic of drug abuse very difficult. From the most recent studies only can one find data that is presently accepted as correct. These numerous studies provide enough data to explain the effects of both legal and illegal drugs. To understand how drugs work, it is Important to understand the changes that take place in different areas of the body when drugs take effect. Found in

Substance Abuse And Mental Health Problems - 877 Words

FINAL PROJECT 2 Introduction Substance abuse and mental health problems are serious issues in our society. These problems appear to be associated, so it is necessary to look at both and how they interact (Ramchand). Substance abuse can bring about or exacerbate existing mental health problems, including suicidal ideation and attempts. Medical professionals cannot begin to resolve the issue of substance abuse related suicidal ideation or attempts unless they have an effective solution. A solution cannot be created until there is enough evidence stating that there is a connection between substance abuse and suicide. Researchers need to consider the types of suicidal feelings, environmental factors, emotional factors, and substance abuse factors. Until then this problem will persist with devastating costs. Part of the solution will be determining the type of suicidal feelings the patient is experiencing. If practitioners know why the patient is feeling suicidal, he/she can begin to treat the core of the pro blem and possibly send the substance abuse into recovery as well (Jennings). Literature Review Jennings et al. looked at the different types of suicidal feelings. They identified four types of suicidal feelings. Type one is called Avoidance of Painful Consequences. This is the person who feels he or she has ruined all chances of a relationship with the people he or she is close to. The second type is called The Depressive Experience of â€Å"Crashing†.Show MoreRelatedSubstance Abuse and Mental Health Treatment Barriers: Military Life vs. Civilian Life1259 Words   |  6 PagesSubstance Abuse and Mental Health Treatment Barriers: Military Life vs. Civilian Life Marina Herrera Butte College Abstract This paper explores the interesting relationship between substance abuse and mental health problems among military and civilian life. As well as stigma barriers to treatment within a military vs. a civilian setting. The article â€Å"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Treatment in the Military: Lessons Learned and a Way Forward† written by Katie Witkiewitz and ArmandoRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act And The Substance Abuse And Mental Health Service Administration?786 Words   |  4 PagesSubstance abuse has been a known topic which has not been recognized and fully treated the way it should. Unlike general medicine, substance abuse treatments have their own facility and services apart from general settings, making it harder to get the recognition and the assistance needed to help the individuals in need. Both the Affordable Care Act and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration (SAMHSA), which is a part of the US Department of Health and Human Services have promotedRead MoreThe Mental Health Parity And Addiction Act1533 Words   |  7 PagesThe Mental Health Parity and Addiction Act (MHPAEA) of 2008. This act requires the same level of benefits for substance use treatment and mental services as one would receive for medical care from their health insurance. The MHPAEA’s requirements were expanded by the Affordable Care Act that some health insurance plans should cover mental health and substance abuse treatment and services. This act will allow many social workers to treat more patients with low incomes and that have substance useRead More Treating Concurrent Disorders Essay1700 Words   |  7 Pages Mental health is being aware, accepting yourself, and striking a balance in all aspects of your life like social, spiritual, physical, economical, and mental (Association, 2001). Mental health can be described as our positive interactions with the context and events in our life, and having the ability to cope with life’s stressors. Mental health problems can begin at anytime during your life (CAMH, 2010). In fact anything can make it difficult for an individual’s ability to interact effectivelyRead MoreTaking a Look at Homelessness893 Words   |  4 Pagesthis community, there are a large number of homeless individuals. In homeless population, mental illness commonly present in the forms of schizophrenia, depression, personality disorders, substance abuse, and other affective disorders. According to Metro Vancouver Homeless Count, there are â€Å"400 homeless people in Surrey, representing 15% of the regions 2650 homeless† (City of Surrey, n.d, â€Å"2014†). This problem has been present for many years and there are still people suffering from the basic lackRead MoreSubstance Abuse Among Older Adults Essay1317 Words   |  6 PagesI was surprised to hear that substance abuse is a growing epidemic among our elderly because when I think of the elderly I don’t think falling over on the floor drunk or sitting at a bar knocking drinks back. It really is an â€Å"invisible epidemic†. It was shocking to hear that because of insufficient knowledge, health care providers often overlook substance abuse among older adults and fail to diagnose them correctly. â€Å"Symptoms of substance abuse in older individuals sometimes mimic symptoms of otherRead MoreDrug Policy And Funding Has Not Changed Much Over The Past Two Decades1505 Words   |  7 PagesControl Budget. As of 2014, the majority of funding for this budget went into supply reduction (59.9%), demand reduction (40.1%), and domestic law enforcement (36.8%). Only 35 percen t of the funding was provided for treatment of drug abuse, and 5.1 percent for drug abuse prevention (Sacco, 2014, p.16). These numbers have not changed since 2005, when they were within a 5 percent difference (Sacco, 2014, p.16). These figures are a representation of why drug policy and funding has not worked for decadesRead MoreRelationship Between Mental Health And Addiction1470 Words   |  6 PagesIf you or someone you love is seeking treatment for a substance abuse related disorder in addition to a psychiatric disorder, you will come across two terms in your research: co-occurring disorders and dual diagnosis. Right off you may be more concerned about simply getting help for your addiction. Maybe it has caused you to lose your job and your family is in tatters. It s important to note that when substance abuse and mental illness co-occur specialized treatment is needed. First, however, youRead MoreSubstance Abuse And Its Effects On The United States1050 Words   |  5 Pagesn arcotics were used, but during the 19th century is when the active substances in drugs were found. Many of these substances were given over the counter and weren t regulated, which meant that people could easily obtain substances such as morphine, cocaine, landuam, and many others. During the early 1900s, an estimate of about 250,000 people were abusing a substance within the United States. Substance abuse is a serious problem which can affect one s physical and psychological capabilities, theirRead MoreMental Illness Of The Mentally Ill On Deinstitutionalization1514 Words   |  7 PagesMental illness in America has become an increasingly popular topic of discussion. Rather than being placed in hospitals for treatment, mentally ill individuals are being placed into correctional facilities for their actions. Persons with serious mental illness (SMI) such as bi-polar disorder, severe depression, schizophrenia and etc. have trouble within society. Many lack income and stable living a rrangements to be able to succeed in the community. Side effects of their illness can enable them to

The Handsomest Drowned Man In The World Essay - 1207 Words

Life, a series of transformations. Each small shift building off of one another, perpetually propelling the cyclical existence that is nature. Some manifest as small changes, summer to fall, ice to water; others a grand metamorphosis. Humans the center of this cycle, find themselves changing every day, biologically, developmentally, ideologically, etcetera. Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s â€Å"The Handsomest Drowned Man In The World,† and Carson McCuller’s â€Å"Sucker† are both excellent examples of short stories that, despite having undeniably different plots, feature the overarching theme of transformation: the propellant through life. Transitions come in many forms, physical evolutions being the most obvious. Both authors handle this element towards†¦show more content†¦It is seen in Marquez’s literately work when the preparations are made for the Drowned mans funeral. Villagers care for this drowned man like no other, orchestrating a grandio se funeral bringing people from neighboring villages, and decorating him with charms and tailored clothing. They select people to act as his family in the funeral and then they release the Drowned man back into the water, â€Å"without an anchor so that he could come back if he wished and whenever he wished† (Marquez). This all ostensibly unusual for a funeral in this area, especially for the funeral of a drowned stranger. Villagers great this â€Å"filthy piece of cold meat† with a warmth greater than that for a fallen kinsman. Change in actions is also evident in McCuller’s text when discussing the changes seen in sucker after Pete yells at him. Sucker begins spending time with friends, inviting people over to the house, taking up more of the bed, acting tough, and avoiding conversation with Pete who says â€Å"I don t even want to call him sucker anymoreâ€Å" (McCuller). Sucker’s actions have become apparently contradictory to the past, to the point where Pete doesn t even find it appropriate to use his previous name. Then similar to Garcia’s story, the change in practice is emblematic of other change found around the story, specifically more rooted mental change. Transformation of the psyche, whether entirely or compartmentally, wouldShow MoreRelatedMagical Realism in the Handsomest Drowned Man in the World Essay1096 Words   |  5 PagesMagical Realism in The handsomest drowned man in the world Magical realism is a genre that portrays both reality and fantasy. As defined by Faris (2004) in Ordinary enchantments, magical realism is a genre of writing that includes an irreducible element of magic and details that suggest phenomenon (Faris, 2004, p. 7). He describes the irreducible element as: â€Å"†¦something we cannot explain according to the laws of the universe as they have been formulated in Western empirically based discourse†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (FarisRead MoreThe Handsomest Drowned Man in the World and The Drowned Giant2564 Words   |  11 PagesWrite a comparison of The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World and The Drowned Giant, commenting in detail on the ways in which the authors use language to convey their respective themes. The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World by Gabriel Garcia Marquez and The Drowned Giant by J.G. Ballard are both short stories written with similar plots but explore extremely different themes. In this essay I am going to compare the theme, plot, setting, language choices and stylistic effects betweenRead MoreMagical Realism In A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings By Gabriel Marquez895 Words   |  4 PagesMagical Realism Essay While this genre in itself is an oxymoron, it can be defined as a genre of writing where magical or spectacular elements are introduced to a realistic and culturally accurate setting whose characters accept these events as part of their lives. Some of the genre’s defining characteristics are magical events are set in an ordinary world with historic and cultural realities but there is no logic or reasoning behind the event. There are also cultural influences in the story thatRead MoreAn Unconventional Paper on an Unconventional Childrens Tale1651 Words   |  7 PagesAn Unconventional Paper on an Unconventional Childrens Tale A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings: A Tale For Children by Gabriel Garcia Marquez is a lot of things. Its a great story, its a satire on organized religion, its a perfect example of magical realism, and - to be brief - much more, but one thing it is not is a conventional tale for children.1 When one thinks of childrens tales, what does he/she think of? Perhaps the images that are conjured up are princes and princesses, magicRead MoreAncient Sudan (Nubia)1715 Words   |  7 PagesAFRS 2206 Section 001 Essay #2 Dr. Tanure Ojaide August 1, 2012 The Nubians Who are the Nubians? Nubians are people of northern Sudan and southern Egypt. Their history and traditions can be traced to the dawn of civilization. They settled first along the banks of the Nile from Aswan. Along the Nile, they developed one of the oldest and greatest civilizations in Africa until they lost their last kingdom five centuries ago. The Nubians remained as the main rivals to the homeland of Africa’s earliest

Ceballos Lincoln And King Free Essays

I will also discuss at least one thing that separates them, what stands out most in mind twine the two writings mentioned above, and explain how the story Shooting an Elephant by George Orwell adds to my perspective of Lincoln address and Kings letter. â€Å"l have no fear about the outcome of our struggle in Birmingham, even if our motives are at present misunderstood. We will reach the goal of freedom in Birmingham and all over the nation, because the goal of America is freedom. We will write a custom essay sample on Ceballos Lincoln And King or any similar topic only for you Order Now Abused and scorned we may be, our destiny is tied up with America’s destiny†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ writes Martin Luther King Jar. In Letter from Birmingham Jail (p. 29). â€Å"With malice toward none; with charity for all; with ermines in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation’s wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan-to do all which may achieve and cherish a just, and lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations† said Abraham Lincoln in his Second Inaugural Speech (p. 815). So as you can understand, both men wanted best for their country. MILK and Lincoln wanted to heal the pain and suffering that our country has sustained. Though it took many years for their dream to become reality it eventually did. Their hard work and dedication made an impact on our country. Martin Luther King Jar. Was an activist, preacher and a civil rights leader. Though, during his time in the Birmingham jail he was being categorized as an extremist. He quotes Abraham Lincoln in his letter by writing â€Å"And Abraham Lincoln: This nation cannot survive half slave and half free† (p. 826). He is trying to explain that isn’t Abraham Lincoln amongst others â€Å"extremist† because they are fighting for something they believe in whether it is love, Christian gospel, or equality. Lincoln was our 16th President had led our country through the Civil War. Lincoln also wanted equal rights for African Americans. So King fought hard for African American rights even though he Was persecuted and Lincoln led us through a War and abolished slavery. Lincoln states his Second Inaugural Speech â€Å"Neither party expected for the war, the magnitude, or the duration, which it has already attained. Neither anticipated that the cause of the conflict might cease with, or even before, the conflict itself should cease† (p. 814). Lincoln wanted to build a strong nation after that. In both Lincoln address and King’s letter they mention God a lot so it seems to me that they both believed in God’s will and power. In Kings letter he writes ‘We will win our freedom because the sacred heritage of our nation and the eternal God are embodied in our echoing demand† (p. 829). Lincoln says in his address†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ As was said three thousand years ago, so still must be said the judgment of the Lord are true and righteous altogether† (p. 814). Both men feel that God is someone they highly believe in and that God is a part of what is happening. What stands out the most to me in both Lincoln address and King’s speech are how many times God is mentioned. I can see in Lincoln address he mentions God at least 6 times. In King’s letter he mentions God at least 14 times. In present day there are so many restrictions on religion. Have never heard any political public figure mention God as much. Like that both have a heavily belief in God. I like fewer restrictions but with so many people having different Gods can see why we have those restrictions. Lastly, the story Shooting an Elephant by George Orwell is about a police officer who is expected to kill an aggressive elephant. The elephant had got loose because it was in heat but was actually a tamed elephant. The police officer in no way wanted to harm this elephant let alone shoot and kill him. Orwell writes â€Å"But at that moment glanced round at the crowd that had followed me. They did not like me, but with this magical rifle in my hands I was momentarily worth watching’ (p. 787). He ends up shooting the elephant but feels terrible because the elephant dies a slow death. â€Å"l often wonder whether any of the others grasped that I had done it solely to avoid looking like a fool† Orwell writes (p. 89) In this case he didn’t do what e believed in, he didn’t go against what he felt was right, he decided to look like a hero instead of a fool in other people’s eyes. The difference between Lincoln and King is that they fought for what they believed in regardless of what people thought. They did the right thing. Of course so many people didn’t like them but that w as important to them. So even though one was our President and the other was a civil rights leader, Abraham Lincoln and Martin Luther had many things in common. Both men fought long and hard for what they believed in, they both were leaders and they both believed in God. How to cite Ceballos Lincoln And King, Papers

Strategies by Organization in Meeting the Customer Needs

Questions: 1. Strategies by organization in meeting the customer needs 2. Monitoring and evaluating procedures followed in understanding the market conditions 3. Method of collecting customer feedback 4. Consultation with internal and external customers and other stakeholders 5. Managers and Supervisors ensuring team members to possess the relevant skills Answers: 1. Strategies by organization in meeting the customer needs Organizations need to find ways in meeting customer needs and provide quality, time and cost specified products to its customer base (Wilson et al. 2012). A customer who enters into retail outlets expects to purchase a particular product with features and benefits in accordance with their requirements. Purchase decisions of customers include the following parameters: Timeliness Friendliness Attention Level of competence of sales personnel It is advisable to provide appropriate products and service bundles that will help in reducing the chance of and increase the market share as well as retention of customer base. For instance, organizations may have the required product offerings for their customer base but lack in customer service level (Kaufman et al. 2013). This action will pull the customer base and change it into the competitors in next level. It is advisable for the organization to plan in achieving quality, time and cost specification. It is required to identify the needs about the following criteria: Quality of products and services Accessibility of products and services Cost of Purchase Methods of delivery and time allocation Data and records for meeting customer needs Market research helps to analyze the products as well as services in attracting the target groups. This specified target group should meet the needs as well as expectations of customers. It is important to identify the quality requirements of the organization as well as customers (Homburg et al. 2013). Market research helps in revealing the approach of product as well as service level of life cycle. It is required to detect the changes in customer quality with respect to standard expectations. It is necessary to identify new opportunities as well as new markets. Operational changes need urgent attention in pointing out the organizational system in the most appropriate form. 2. Monitoring and evaluating procedures followed in understanding the market conditions It is possible to evaluate the customer needs by formal surveys, questionnaire, observations as well as focus groups. It is essential for any organization to identify target market and typical customers who are interested in the products and services (Hollensen, 2015). It is necessary to gather reliable information from national as well as census statistics. This will help in focusing on cost factors and designing marketing activities in an overall manner. 3. Method of collecting customer feedback Front-line sales feedback consultation The main role of sales personnel is to speak directly with the customers and identify their issues that frustrate them and cause irritation. It is important for these sales personnel to communicate effectively on the problems faced by the customers on a daily basis. These feedbacks will help organizations to come up with new ideas in their product offerings in the most appropriate form. For instance, when a customer calls for placing an issue, it is recommended that the sales personnel task few probing questions (Kotler et al. 2014). These questions will help in collecting a feedback to make the necessary adjustments in product offerings as well as services in an overall manner. Organizations need to use the questionnaire method while collecting information from targeted customers. These questions can be either formal or informal in nature. Some of the possible methods and procedures are as follows: Usage of telephone and written survey questionnaire techniques Conducting on-spot interviews Casual enquiries related to product and service quality from the customers Recording of complaints and resolution procedures Discussion on the customer service interface 4. Consultation with internal and external customers and other stakeholders Organizations need to consult with internal as well as external customers and make its product offerings in an overall manner. Organizations should understand the grievances of employees and view their work performances (Hutt and Speh, 2012). Employees working in an organization should be able to perform well and improve their work in an overall manner. The main aim of organizations is to maximize their profits with minimum utilization of available resources. It is important for the organization to highlight the positive feedback and reward the employees. Motivating the employees for their performance helps them to work more and generate revenue for the business enterprise. Employees working in an organization should be able to attain customer services and share with certain techniques and strategies. It is necessary for the organization to share information and encourage its employees by involving in the healthy work cultures in an overall manner (Sheth and Sisodia, 2015). Workers s hould be satisfied with their work and make efforts in maintaining good customer relationship. 5. Managers and Supervisors ensuring team members to possess the relevant skills Managers should use the 360-Degree evaluation to monitor its team members as well as individuals working in an organization. It is the role of the managers to collect the information as well as analysis of the regular procedures. This includes: Level of Team Performance Adherence towards products as well service quality Identification of improvement areas It is necessary for the managers and supervisors to focus mainly on the team members and maintain balance and communication process. This will help in viewing the individual performance of team members and provide an opportunity for growth factors. Guidance by the managers will help the team members to achieve the quality and maintain delivery standards in the most appropriate way (Foxall, 2014). It is required for the managers and supervisors to manage its team members and enable decision-making solutions in an overall manner. Certain desirable skills possessed by team members working in an organization that need to be identified are as follows: Interpersonal skills Problem solving ability Communication skills Conclusion From the above study, it is noticed that organizations needs to identify the needs of the customers and make necessary adjustments wherever required. It is important to consider the fact that feedback from customers will help the organization in designing products offerings as well as services. Reference List Foxall, G. (2014).Strategic Marketing Management (RLE Marketing)(Vol. 3). Routledge. Hollensen, S. (2015).Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Homburg, C., Kuester, S., and Krohmer, H. (2013).Marketing management: A contemporary perspective. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Hutt, M., and Speh, T. (2012).Business marketing management: B2B. Cengage Learning. Kaufman, D. L., Inglis, A., Weiland, T. J., Darrow, J. E., Nicholson, A. L., Jay, J. R., and Pratt, J. C. (2013).U.S. Patent No. 8,542,816. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Kotler, P., Keller, K. L., Ancarani, F., and Costabile, M. (2014).Marketing management 14/e. Pearson. Sheth, J. N., and Sisodia, R. S. (2015).Does marketing need reform?: Fresh perspectives on the future. Routledge. Wilson, A., Zeithaml, V. A., Bitner, M. J., and Gremler, D. D. (2012).Services marketing: Integrating customer focus across the firm(No. 2nd Eu). McGraw Hill.